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The State of New Mexico (nju??m?ks?ko?) is a state in the southwestern region of
the United States of America. Over its relatively long history it has also been
occupied by Native American populations and has been part of the Imperial
Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among
U.S. states, New Mexico has simultaneously the highest percentage of Hispanic
Americans (comprised of both recent immigrants and descendants of Spanish
colonists) and the second-highest percentage of Native Americans after Alaska
(mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples). As a result, the demographics and culture of
the state are unique for their strong Spanish, Mexican, and American Indian
cultural influences. The climate of the state is highly arid and its territory
is mostly covered by mountains and desert. At a population density of 15 per
square mile, New Mexico is the sixth most sparsely inhabited U.S. State.
Geography
Desert scene approx. 20 miles (32 km) South of Santa FeFurther information: List
of New Mexico counties
Digitally colored elevation map of NMThe eastern border of New Mexico lies along
103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and three miles (5 km) west of 103°
W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern
two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western
third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with
Arizona runs along the 109° 03' W longitude. The 37° N latitude parallel forms
the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona,
and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the northwestern corner of New
Mexico.
The landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high,
snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain
wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the
north. The Sangre de Cristo (Blood of Christ) Mountains, the southernmost part
of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio
Grande in the rugged, pastoral north.
Cacti, yuccas, creosote bush, sagebrush, and desert grasses cover the broad,
semiarid plains that cover the southern portion of the state.
The Federal government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as national
forests including:
Carson National Forest
Cibola National Forest (headquartered in Albuquerque)
Lincoln National Forest
Santa Fe National Forest (headquartered in Santa Fe)
Other protected lands include the following national monuments:
Aztec Ruins National Monument at Aztec
Bandelier National Monument in Los Alamos
Capulin Volcano National Monument near Capulin
Carlsbad Caverns National Park near Carlsbad
Chaco Culture National Historical Park at Nageezi
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail
El Malpais National Monument in Grants
El Morro National Monument in Ramah
Fort Union National Monument at Watrous
Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City
Old Spanish National Historic Trail
Pecos National Historical Park in Pecos
Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque
Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument at Mountainair
Santa Fe National Historic Trail
White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo
A scene of Northern New Mexico, often noted for being somewhat wetter and cooler
than the central and southern regions.Visitors also frequent the surviving
native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant
monies to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Valles Caldera National
Preserve. The Gila Wilderness lies in the southwest of the state.
History
History of New Mexico
Wagon in the mechanics corral of Fort Union National Monument, New MexicoThe
first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the Clovis culture of
Paleo-Indians. Indeed the culture is named for the New Mexico city where the
first artifacts of this culture were discovered. Later inhabitants include
Native Americans of the Anasazi and the Mogollon cultures. By the time of
European contact in the 1500s, the region was settled by the villages of the
Pueblo peoples and groups of Navajo, Apache and Ute.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado assembled an enormous expedition at Compostela in
1540–1542 to explore and find the mystical Seven Golden Cities of Cibola as
described by Cabeza de Vaca who had just arrived from his eight-year ordeal
traveling from Florida to Mexico. Coronado's men found several mud baked pueblos
in 1541, but found no rich cities of gold. Further widespread expeditions found
no fabulous cities anywhere in the Southwest or Great Plains. A dispirited and
now poor Coronado and his men began their journey back to Mexico leaving New
Mexico behind.
Over 50 years after Coronado, Juan de O?ate founded the San Juan colony on the
Rio Grande in 1598, the first permanent European settlement in the future state
of New Mexico. O?ate pioneered the grandly named El Camino Real, "The Royal
Road", as a 700 mile (1,100 km) trail from the rest of New Spain to his remote
colony. O?ate was made the first governor of the new Province of New Mexico. The
Native Americans at Acoma revolted against this Spanish encroachment but faced
severe suppression.
Pueblo Ruins at Aztec Ruins National Monument.In 1609, Pedro de Peralta, a later
governor of the Province of New Mexico, established the settlement of Santa Fe
at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The city, along with most of the
settled areas of the state, was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years
(1680-1692) as a result of the successful Pueblo Revolt. After the death of the
Pueblo leader Popé, Diego de Vargas restored the area to Spanish rule. While
developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded the old
town of Albuquerque in 1706, naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, the Duke of
Alburquerque.
Mexican province
As a part of New Spain, the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to
independent Mexico following the 1810-1821 Mexican War of Independence. During
the brief 26 year period of nominal Mexican control, Mexican authority and
investment in New Mexico were weak, as their often conflicted government had
little time or interest in a New Mexico that had been poor since the Spanish
settlements started. Some Mexican officials, saying they were wary of
encroachments by the growing United States, and wanting to reward themselves and
their friends, began issuing enormous land grants (usually free) to groups of
Mexican families as an incentive to populate the province.
Small trapping parties from the United States had previously reached and stayed
in Santa Fe, but the Spanish authorities officially forbade them to trade.
Trader William Becknell returned to the United States in November 1821 with news
that independent Mexico now welcomed trade through Santa Fe.
William Becknell left Independence, Missouri, for Santa Fe early in 1822 with
the first party of traders. The Santa Fe Trail trading company, headed by the
brothers Charles Bent and William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain, was one of the most
successful in the West. They had their first trading post in the area in 1826,
and, by 1833, they had built their adobe fort and trading post called Bent's
Fort on the Arkansas River. This fort and trading post, located about 200 miles
(322 km) east of Taos, New Mexico, was the only place settled by whites along
the Santa Fe trail before it hit Taos. The Santa Fe National Historic Trail
follows the route of the old trail, with many sites marked or restored.
Route of the Old Spanish TrailThe Spanish Trail from Los Angeles, California to
Santa Fe, New Mexico was primarily used by Hispanics, white traders and
ex-trappers living part of the year in or near Santa Fe. Started in about 1829,
the trail was an arduous 2,400 (3862 km) mile round trip pack train sojourn that
extended into Colorado, Utah, Nevada and California and back, allowing only one
hard round trip per year. The trade consisted primarily of blankets and some
trade goods from Santa Fe being traded for horses in California.
The Republic of Texas claimed the mostly vacant territory north and east of the
Rio Grande when it successfully seceded from Mexico in 1836. New Mexico
authorities captured a group of Texans who embarked an expedition to assert
their claim to the province in 1841.
American territory
Following the Mexican-American War, from 1846-1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico forcibly ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings,
today known as the American Southwest and California to the United States of
America in exchange for an end to hostilities, the evacuation of Mexico City and
many other areas under American control. Mexico also received $15 million cash,
plus the assumption of slightly more than $3 million in outstanding Mexican
debts.
The Congressional Compromise of 1850 halted a bid for statehood under a proposed
antislavery constitution. Texas transferred eastern New Mexico to the federal
government, settling a lengthy boundary dispute. Under the compromise, the
American government established the Territory of New Mexico on September 9,
1850. The territory, which included most of the future states of Arizona, New
Mexico, and parts of Colorado, officially established its capital at Santa Fe in
1851.
The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southern
Arizona below the Gila river in the mostly desert Gadsden Purchase of 1853. This
purchase was desired when it was found that a much easier route for a proposed
transcontinental railroad was located slightly south of the Gila river. The
Southern Pacific built the second transcontinental railroad though this
purchased land in 1881.
During the American Civil War, Confederate troops from Texas briefly occupied
the Rio Grande valley as far north as Santa Fe. Union troops from the Territory
of Colorado re-captured the territory in March 1862 at the Battle of Glorieta
Pass. The Territory of Arizona was split off as a separate territory on February
24, 1863.
1867 mapThere were centuries of conflict between the Apache, the Navajo and
Spanish-Mexican settlements in the territory. It took the federal government
another 25 years after the Civil War to exert control over both the civilian and
Native American populations of the territory. This started in 1864 when the
Navajo were sent on "The Long Walk" to Bosque Redondo Reservation and then
returned to most of their lands in 1868. The Apache were moved to various
reservations and Apache wars continued until Geronimo finally surrendered in
1886.
The railway encouraged the great cattle boom of the 1880s and the development of
accompanying cow towns. The cattle barons could not keep out sheepherders, and
eventually homesteaders and squatters overwhelmed the cattlemen by fencing in
and plowing under the "sea of grass" on which the cattle fed. Conflicting land
claims led to bitter quarrels among the original Spanish inhabitants, cattle
ranchers, and newer homesteaders. Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching
survived and remains a mainstay of the New Mexican economy.
Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, on the middle Rio Grande, was
incorporated in 1889.
Statehood
Congress admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912.
The admission of the neighboring State of Arizona on February 14, 1912 completed
the contiguous 48 states.
The United States government built the Los Alamos Research Center in 1943 amid
the Second World War. Top-secret personnel there developed the atomic bomb,
first detonated at Trinity site in the desert on the White Sands Proving Grounds
between Socorro and Alamogordo on July 16, 1945.
Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. High-altitude experiments near
Roswell in 1947 reputedly led to persistent but unproven suspicions that the
government captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment. The
state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy
research and development. The Sandia National Laboratories, founded in 1949,
carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at Kirtland Air
Force Base south of Albuquerque and at Livermore, California.
Located in the remote Chihuahuan Desert the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
is located 26 miles (42 km) southeast of Carlsbad. Here nuclear wastes are
buried deep in carved out salt formation disposal rooms mined 2,150 feet (655 m)
underground in a 2,000-foot (610 m) thick salt formation that has been stable
for more than 200 million years. WIPP began operations on March 26, 1999.
Demographics
New Mexico Population Density Map(See also List of cities in New Mexico and New
Mexico locations by per capita income) As of 2005, New Mexico has an estimated
population of 1,928,384, which is an increase of 25,378, or 1.3%, from the prior
year and an increase of 109,338, or 6.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a
natural increase since the last census of 74,397 people (that is 143,617 births
minus 69,220 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 37,501 people into
the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase
of 27,974 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of
9,527 people.
The center of population of New Mexico is located in Torrance County, in the
town of Manzano.
As of 2004, 27% of the residents of the state were foreign-born, and more than
2% of state residents were illegal immigrants.
Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1850 61,547 —
1860 87,034 41.4%
1870 91,874 5.6%
1880 119,565 30.1%
1890 160,282 34.1%
1900 195,310 21.9%
1910 327,301 67.6%
1920 360,350 10.1%
1930 423,317 17.5%
1940 531,818 25.6%
1950 681,187 28.1%
1960 951,023 39.6%
1970 1,016,000 6.8%
1980 1,302,894 28.2%
1990 1,515,069 16.3%
2000 1,819,046 20.1%
Demographics of New Mexico (csv)
By race White Black AIAN Asian NHPI
AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native - NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander
2000 (total population) 86.64% 2.48% 10.67% 1.51% 0.19%
2000 (Hispanic only) 40.56% 0.49% 1.14% 0.21% 0.08%
2005 (total population) 85.85% 2.85% 10.99% 1.66% 0.20%
2005 (Hispanic only) 41.74% 0.69% 1.09% 0.23% 0.09%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population) 5.05% 21.88% 9.19% 16.09% 8.63%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only) 1.48% 14.84% 10.16% 15.68% 4.63%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only) 9.10% 50.54% 1.12% 18.71% 14.27%
According to the Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population is
Multiracial/Mixed-Race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI
population groups. New Mexico has the highest percentage of people of Hispanic
ancestry of any state, some recent immigrants and others descendants of Spanish
colonists. The state also has a large Native American population, third behind
Alaska and Oklahoma. Hispanics of colonial ancestry, along with recent Mexican
immigrants, are present in most of the state, especially northern, central, and
northeastern New Mexico. Mexican immigrants, legal or illegal, are prominent in
southern parts of the state. Descendants of white American settlers, mostly of
Irish and English descent, from other parts of United States live in west,
southwest, and southeast areas and main cities of the state. The northwestern
corner of the state is primarily occupied by Native Americans, of which Navajos
and Pueblos are the largest tribes. As a result, the demographics and culture of
the state are unique for their strong American, Colonial Spanish, Mexican, and
Native American cultural influences.
Ancestry groups
According to the U.S. Census, the largest ancestry groups in New Mexico are:
Mexican (18.1%)
Native American (10.3%)
German (9.8%)
Hispanic (9.4%)
Spanish (9.3%)
English (7.6%)
Irish (7.3%).
Many are mixtures of all of these groups and others.
7.2% of New Mexico's population was reported as under 5 years of age, 28% under
18, and 11.7% were 65 or older. Females make up approximately 50.8% of the
population.
Languages
According the 2000 U.S. Census, 28.76% of the population aged 5 and over speak
Spanish at home, while 4.07% speak Navajo.
New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside
English, due to the widespread usage of Spanish in the state. Although the
original state constitution of 1912 provided for a temporarily bilingual
government, New Mexico has no official language. Nevertheless, the state
government publishes election ballots and a driver's manual in both languages.
January 6, 1912 Statehood Proclamation signed by President Taft
The constitution provided that, for the following twenty years, all laws passed
by the legislature be published in both Spanish and English, and thereafter as
the legislature should provide.
Prior to 1967, notices of statewide and county elections were required to be
printed in English and "may be printed in Spanish." Additionally, many legal
notices today are required to be published in both English and Spanish.
In 1995, New Mexico adopted a "State Bilingual Song," titled "New Mexico - Mi
Lindo Nuevo México."
Religion
New Mexico has the highest percentage of Catholics of any Western U.S state. In
comparison to other U.S. states, and like many other states in the region, New
Mexico has a higher-than-average percentage of people who claim no religion.
Christian – 81%
Catholic – 41%
Protestant – 35%
Baptist – 10%
Presbyterian – 4%
Pentecostal – 3%
Other Protestant or general Protestant – 18%
LDS (Mormon) – 4%
Other Christian – 1%
Other Religions – 1%
Non-Religious – 19%
Within the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico belongs to the
Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of which
is an archdiocese:
Archdiocese of Santa Fe
Diocese of Gallup
Diocese of Las Cruces
Economy
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Mexico's total state product
in 2003 was $57 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $24,995, 48th in
the nation.
New Mexico Industries by 2004 Taxable Gross Receipts (000s)
Retail Trade 12,287,061
Construction 5,039,555
Other Services (excluding Public Administration) 4,939,187
Professional, Scientific and Technology Services 3,708,527
Accommodation and Food Services 2,438,460
Wholesale Trade 2,146,066
Health Care and Social Assistance 1,897,471
Utilities 1,654,483
Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 1,238,211
Manufacturing 926,372
Information and Cultural Industries 849,902
Unclassified Establishments 725,405
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 544,739
Finance and Insurance 254,223
Transportation and Warehousing 221,457
Public Administration 159,013
Educational Services 125,649
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 124,017
Admin & Support, Waste Management & Remediation 73,062
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 71,853
Management of Companies and Enterprises 48,714
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Totals 39,473,429
Source: State of New Mexico Department of Labor
Cattle and dairy products top the list of major animal products of New Mexico.
Cattle, sheep, and other livestock graze most of the arable land of the state
throughout the year.
Limited, scientifically controlled dryland farming prospers alongside cattle
ranching. Major crops include hay, nursery stock, pecans, and chile peppers. Hay
and sorghum top the list of major dryland crops. Farmers also produce onions,
potatoes, and dairy products. New Mexico specialty crops include pi?on nuts,
pinto beans, and chiles.
The Carlsbad and Fort Sumner reclamation projects on the Pecos River and the
nearby Tucumcari project provide adequate water for limited irrigation in those
areas of the desert and semiarid portions of the state where scant rainfall
evaporates rapidly, generally leaving insufficient water supplies for
large-scale irrigation.. Located upstream of Las Cruces, the Elephant Butte
Reservoir provides a major irrigation source for the extensive farming along the
Rio Grande. Other irrigation projects use the Colorado River basin and the San
Juan River.
Lumber mills in Albuquerque process pinewood, the chief commercial wood of the
rich timber economy of northern New Mexico.
Mineral extraction: New Mexicans derive much of their income from mineral
extraction. Even before European exploration, Native Americans mined turquoise
for making jewelry. After the Spanish introduced refined silver alloys they were
incorporated into the Indian jewelry designs. New Mexico produces uranium ore,
manganese ore, potash, salt, perlite, copper ore, beryllium, and tin
concentrates. Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are also found in smaller
quantities.
Industrial output, centered around Albuquerque, includes electric equipment;
petroleum and coal products; food processing; printing and publishing; and
stone, glass, and clay products. Defense-related industries include ordnance.
Important high-technology industries include lasers, data processing, and solar
energy.
Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. The
federal government spends $2 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue
collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other state in
the Union. . The federal government also a major employer in New Mexico
providing more than a quarter of the state's jobs. Many of the federal jobs
relate to the military; the state hosts three air force bases (Kirtland Air
Force Base, Holloman Air Force Base, and Cannon Air Force Base); a testing range
(White Sands Missile Range); an army proving ground and maneuver range (Fort
Bliss Military Reservation - McGregor Range);national observatories; and the
technology labs of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Sandia National
Laboratories (SNL). SNL conducts electronic and industrial research on Kirtland
AFB, on the southeast side of Albuquerque. These installations also include the
missile and spacecraft proving grounds at White Sands. In addition to the
military employers, other federal agencies such as the National Park Service,
the United States Forest Service, and the United States Bureau of Land
Management are a big part of the states rural employment base.
Virgin Galactic, the first space tourism company to develop commercial flights
into space, has decided to put its world headquarters and mission control in
Upham, New Mexico (25 miles (40 km) south of Truth or Consequences); Virgin
Galactic will have its inaugural launch of the VSS Enterprise spaceship in 2008,
and will begin launching ordinary citizens in early 2009.
Tourism provides many service jobs. For top attractions see: Tourism.
Private service economy in urban New Mexico, especially in Albuquerque, has
boomed in recent decades. Since the end of World War II, the city has gained an
ever-growing number of retirees, especially among armed forces veterans and
government workers. It is also increasingly gaining notice as a health conscious
community, and contains many hospitals and a high per capita number of massage
and alternative therapists. The warm, semiarid climate has contributed to the
exploding population of Albuquerque, attracting new industries to New Mexico. By
contrast, many heavily Native American and Hispanic rural communities remain
economically underdeveloped.
Feature films have used New Mexico as a location since The Indian School in
1898. Financial incentives and construction of facilities (such as The
Albuquerque Studios) have created opportunities for locally based crew members
with production reaching an all time high in 2007. As of the end of August 2007,
30 major projects have been filmed in the state, more than in any other calendar
year in history.
Film and television post-production is also growing with companies such as Sony
Imageworks establishing a permanent home in the state.
Taxes
Personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 5.3%, within 4
income brackets.
New Mexico does not have a sales tax. Instead, it has a 5% gross receipts tax.
In almost every case, the business passes along the tax to the consumer, so that
the gross receipts tax resembles a sales tax. The combined gross receipts tax
rate varies throughout the state from 5.125% to 7.8125%. The total rate is a
combination of all rates imposed by the state, counties and municipalities.
Beginning Jan. 1, 2005, New Mexicans no longer pay taxes on most food purchases;
however, there are exceptions to this program. Also beginning Jan. 1, 2005, the
state eliminated the tax on certain medical services.
In general, taxes are not assessed on personal property. Personal household
effects, licensed vehicles, registered aircraft, certain personal property
warehoused in the state and business personal property that is not depreciated
for federal income tax purposes are exempt from the property tax.
Property tax rates vary substantially and depend on the type of property and its
location. The state does not assess tax on intangible personal property. There
is no inheritance tax, but an inheritance may be reflected in a taxpayer's
modified gross income and taxed that way.
Largest employers
(Not ranked by size)
Northern
College of Santa Fe
Boy Scouts of America
U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
Mesa Air Group
Navajo Nation
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Central
PNM Resources and PNM Electric & Gas Services
Presbyterian Health Plan
Sandia National Laboratories
Intel
University of New Mexico
New Mexico State Government
Eastern
Albertson's Supermarket
Kmart Corporation
U.S. Postal Service
Wal-Mart
Navajo Refining Company
U.S. National Park Service (NPS)
Allsup's Convenience Stores
Southwestern
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Lockheed Engineering and Sciences
New Mexico State University
Lovelace Healthcare
Pepsi Bottling
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
U.S. Army (Fort Bliss)
Source: Economic Research & Analysis Bureau New Mexico Department of Labor
Transportation
Passenger trains
The New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter rail system serving the
metropolitan area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It began operation on July 14,
2006. The system is in Phase I of planned development, operating on an existing
BNSF Railway right of way from Belen to Bernalillo. Phase II, scheduled to open
in 2008, will extend the line northward to Santa Fe.
Amtrak's Southwest Chief passes through daily at stations in Gallup,
Albuquerque, Lamy, Las Vegas, and Raton, offering connections to Los Angeles,
Flagstaff, Kansas City, and Chicago. The only true transcontinental train in the
United States, The Sunset Limited makes stops three times a week in Lordsburg,
and Deming.
Roadways
Gallup, New Mexico along old Route 66.Interstate Freeways Interstate 10
Interstate 25
Interstate 40
U.S. Routes
East–West Routes
U.S. Route 550
U.S. Route 54
U.S. Route 56
U.S. Route 60
U.S. Route 62
U.S. Route 64
Old Highway 66
(Historic Route 66)
U.S. Route 70
U.S. Route 80
U.S. Route 180
U.S. Route 380
U.S. Route 82
U.S. Route 84
U.S. Routes
North–South Routes
U.S. Route 285
U.S. Route 491
See also: List of New Mexico highways
Law and government
The Constitution of 1912, as amended, dictates the form of government in the
state.
Governor Bill Richardson and Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish, both Democrats,
won re-election in 2006. Their terms expire in January 2011. Governors serve a
term of four years and may seek reelection. For a list of past governors, see
List of New Mexico Governors.
Other Constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2011,
include Secretary of State Mary Herrera, Attorney General Gary King, State
Auditor Hector Balderos, State Land Commissioner Pat Lyons, and State Treasurer
James B. Lewis. Herrera, King, Balderos and Lewis are Democrats. Lyons is a
Republican.
The New Mexico State Legislature is comprised of a 70-seat House of
Representatives and a 42-seat Senate. The Democratic Party generally dominates
state politics, and as of 2004 50% of voters were registered Democrats, 33% were
registered Republicans, and 17% did not affiliate with either of the two major
parties.
New Mexico sent Democrat Jeff Bingaman to the United States Senate until January
2013 and Republican Pete V. Domenici until January 2009. Republicans Steve
Pearce and Heather Wilson and Democrat Tom Udall represent the state in the
United States House of Representatives.
Politics
In national politics, New Mexico has given its electoral votes to all but two
Presidential election winners since statehood. In these exceptions, New Mexicans
supported Republican President Gerald Ford over Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in
1976, and Democratic Vice President Al Gore over Texas Governor George W. Bush
in 2000. No presidential candidate has won an absolute majority in New Mexico
since George H. W. Bush in 1988, and no Democrat has done so since Lyndon B.
Johnson in 1964. In the last four elections, New Mexico supported Democrats in
1992, 1996, and 2000. New Mexico was one of only two states to support Al Gore
in 2000 and George Bush in 2004 (the other state was Iowa). In 2004, George W.
Bush narrowly won the state's electoral votes by a margin of 0.8 percentage
points with 49.8% of the vote. Democrat John Kerry won in Albuquerque, Las
Cruces, two northwestern counties, and by large margins in six counties of
Northern New Mexico (Santa Fe, Rio Arriba, Taos, Mora, San Miguel, and
Guadalupe).
Major political parties in New Mexico include the Democratic and Republican
Parties; minor qualified parties include the Green Party of New Mexico, the
Constitution Party, and Libertarian Party.
Important cities and towns
New MexicoNew Mexico's largest cities are Albuquerque, Las Cruces, Santa Fe, Rio
Rancho, Roswell, and Farmington.
Further information: List of cities in New Mexico
Military
In addition to the National Guard,New Mexico has a State Defense Force. It is
also home to Cannon Air Force Base west of Clovis, Holloman Air Force Base west
of Alamogordo, Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, and White Sands Missile
Range in Do?a Ana and Otero counties.
Education
Secondary education
List of high schools in New Mexico
Colleges and universities
Sculpture at Mesalands Community College in TucumcariList of colleges and
universities in New Mexico
Central New Mexico Community College
College of Santa Fe
College of the Southwest
Diné College
Eastern New Mexico University
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
New Mexico Highlands University
New Mexico Military Institute
New Mexico State University
San Juan College
St. John's College, Santa Fe
The Art Center Design College, Albuquerque
University of New Mexico
Western New Mexico University
Miscellaneous topics
State symbols
State motto "Crescit eundo"
("It Grows as It Goes") 1912
State nicknames "Land of Enchantment"
(Spanish: "Tierra del Encanto" or "Tierra Encantada") 19_?
"The Colorful State" 19_?
"The Spanish State" 19_?
State songs "O Fair New Mexico" 1917
"Asi Es Nuevo México" 1971
"New Mexico-Mi Lindo Nuevo México" 1995
State flower Yucca flower 1927
State tree Two-Needle Pi?on pine 1949
State bird Greater roadrunner 1949
State fish Cutthroat trout 1955
State animal black bear 1963
State vegetables frijoles con chile (frē?hōl??s cōn chēl?) beans and chile
pepper 1965
State gem turquoise 1967
State grass blue grama 1973
State fossil coelophysis 1981
State cookie bizcochito 1989
State insect tarantula wasp 1989
State ballad "Land of Enchantment" 1989
State poem A Nuevo México 1991
State question * "Red or Green?" 1999
State Tie Bolo Tie 2007
State ship "USS New Mexico (BB-40)" 1918–1946
"USS New Mexico (SSN-779)" **2006
(*)The official state question refers to a question commonly heard at
restaurants, where waiters will ask customers "red or green?" in reference to
which kind of chili pepper or "chile sauce" the customers wants served with
their meal. This type of "chile" is usually distinct from salsa, as the chile
sauce is much finer and thicker and more commonly served with meals. Natives are
more likely to refer to the chili sauce put on their meal as just plain "chile",
and not as any form of "salsa" (which is usually reserved by natives in English
for the salsa served with chips; everything else is just "chile"). If the diner
wants both they can answer with, "Christmas" (or "Navidad" in Spanish), in
reference to the two traditional colors of Christmas—Red and Green.
(**)The second USS New Mexico, SSN-779, is scheduled to be constructed.
In 1947, a craft of unknown origin crashed at or near Roswell, New Mexico.
Allegedly, in 1949, another craft of unknown origin crashed near this city.
Taos, New Mexico is known for a humming noise. See Taos Hum.
Culture
Symbols of the Southwest — a string of chili peppers and a blanched white cow's
skull hang in a market near Santa FeWith a Native American population of 134,000
in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of American Indian
culture. Both the Navajo and Apache share Athabaskan origin. The Apache and some
Ute live on federal reservations within the state. With 16 million acres
(6,500,000 ha), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the reservation of the Navajo
Nation ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically
agricultural Pueblo Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state, many
older than any European settlement.
More than one-third of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin, the vast majority of
whom descend from the original Spanish colonists in the northern portion of the
state. Most of the considerably fewer recent Mexican immigrants reside in the
southern part of the state.
There are many New Mexicans who also speak a unique dialect of Spanish. New
Mexican Spanish has vocabulary often unknown to other Spanish speakers. Because
of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish
language, the local dialect preserves some late medieval Castillian vocabulary
considered archaic elsewhere, adopts numerous Native American words for local
features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and
modern inventions.
The presence of various indigenous Native American communities, the
long-established Spanish and Mexican influence, and the diversity of
Anglo-American settlement in the region, ranging from pioneer farmers and
ranchers in the territorial period to military families in later decades, make
New Mexico a particularly heterogeneous state.
There are natural history and atomic museums in Albuquerque, which also hosts
the famed Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta.
A large artistic community thrives in Santa Fe. The capital city has museums of
Spanish colonial, international folk, Navajo ceremonial, modern Native American,
and other modern art. Another museum honors resident Georgia O'Keeffe. Colonies
for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In
August, the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market, which is the oldest
and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world.
Performing arts include the renowned Santa Fe Opera which presents five operas
in repertory each July to August, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival held each
summer, and the restored Lensic Theater a principal venue for many kinds of
performances. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of Zozobra, a 50 ft
(15 m) marionette, during Fiestas de Santa Fe.
Writer D. H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s at the D. H. Lawrence Ranch
where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes.
Tourism
New Mexico tourist attractions:
Santa Fe
Plaza of Santa Fe
Loretto Chapel
San Miguel Mission
Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
Museum of International Folk Art
El Rancho de las Golondrinas (Spanish Colonial living history museum)
Santa Fe Indian Market
Taos County
Taos Pueblo
Taos art colony
Taos Ski Valley
Acoma Sky Pueblo
Carlsbad Caverns National Park
White Sands National Monument, the Trinity Site, and Missile Range, Alamogordo
Albuquerque
Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta
Old Town Albuquerque
Petroglyph National Monument
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
Rio Grande Zoo
Albuquerque Biological Park
Sandia Peak Tramway
National Atomic Museum
Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
Expo New Mexico, formerly the New Mexico State Fairgrounds
Chaco Culture National Historical Park, San Juan Basin
Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad, Chama
Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Silver City
Roswell
Roswell UFO Landing Site
International UFO Museum
Alien Convention- First Weekend in July
Upham
Virgin Galactic
Spaceport America
Black Jack Ketchum in Clayton
Billy the Kid Museum, Fort Sumner
Historic Lincoln, Ruidoso, and Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation
Silver City was a gold mining town in the Wild West.
The Pi?os Altos is a ghost town located near Silver City.
Acoma Pueblo & Mission
Laguna Pueblo & Mission
El Malpais National Monument
Zuni Salt Lake
Socorro
Very Large Array
Bosque del Apache
El Camino Real Heritage Center
Mineralogical Museum
Quebradas Region
Hasta la VistaCatron County
Site of the "Alma Massacre"
Catwalk National Recreation Trail
Mogollon Ghost Town
The Lightning Field
Whitewater Baldy
The state also has a number of casinos located on Native American Indian
Reservations that attract thousands of visitors each year.
Notable New Mexicans
List of people from New Mexico
Many New Mexicans-those who were born, raised, or lived a significant period in
New Mexico-have gained local, national, and international prominence. New Mexico
Governor Bill Richardson is currently one of the candidates for the 2008 United
States presidential election. Notable businessmen include Jeff Bezos, founder of
Amazon.com, and Conrad Hilton, founder of the Hilton Hotels Corporation. New
Mexicans have also studied outer space, notably NASA astronauts Sidney M.
Gutierrez and Harrison Schmitt. Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, a former New Mexico
State University professor, discovered Pluto. Several New Mexicans have served
roles in popular culture, including artist Georgia O'Keeffe, animator William
Hanna, actor Neil Patrick Harris and actress Demi Moore, Pulitzer Prize winners
Bill Mauldin and Ernie Pyle, and rapper Xzibit. Notorious criminals include
outlaws Billy the Kid and Clay Allison.
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